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The origin of AIDS and HIV
By Jestin Cons
The origin of AIDS and HIV -
The origin of AIDS and has puzzled scientists ever since the illness first came to light in the early 1980s. For over twenty years it has been the subject of fierce debate and the cause of countless arguments, with everything from a promiscuous flight attendant to a suspect vaccine programmed being blamed. So what is the truth? Just where did AIDS come from?
The first recognized cases of AIDS occurred in the USA in the early 1980s.A number of gay men in New York and California suddenly began to develop rare opportunistic infections and cancers that seemed stubbornly resistant to any treatment. At this time, AIDS did not yet have a name, but it quickly became obvious that all the men were suffering from a common syndrome.
The discovery of HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, was made soon after. While some were initially resistant to acknowledge the connection (and indeed some remain so today), there is now clear evidence to prove that causes AIDS. So, in order to find the source of AIDS, it is necessary to look for the origin of HIV, and find out how, when and where first began to cause disease in humans.
HIV is a lent virus, and like all viruses of this type, it attacks the immune system. Lent viruses are in turn part of a larger group of viruses known as retroviruses. The name 'lent virus' literally means 'slow virus' because they take such a long time to produce any adverse effects in the body. They have been found in a number of different animals, including cats, sheep, horses and cattle. However, the most interesting lent virus in terms of the investigation into the origins of is the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that affects monkeys.
It is now generally accepted that is a descendant of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus because certain strains of SUVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two types of HIV. HIV-2 for example corresponds to SUVs, a strain of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus found in the sooty mangabey (also known as the White-collared monkey), which is indigenous to western Africa.
The more virulent, pandemic strain of HIV, namely HIV-1, was until recently more difficult to place. Until 1999, the closest counterpart that had been identified was SIVcpz, the SIV found in chimpanzees. However, this virus still had certain significant differences from HIV.
During the last few years it has become possible not only to determine whether is present in a blood or plasma sample, but also to determine the particular subtype of the virus. Studying the subtype of virus of some of the earliest known instances of infection can help to provide clues about the time it first appeared in humans and its subsequent evolution. (the virus that causes AIDS) probably transfers to humans in Africa around 1930. probably enters Haiti around 1966. A 1998 analysis of the plasma sample from 1959 has suggested that HIV-1 was introduced into humans around the 1940s or the early 1950s; much earlier than previously thought. Other scientists have dated the sample to an even earlier period - perhaps as far back as the end of the 19th century.
Given the evidence, it seems highly likely that Africa was indeed the continent where the transfer of to humans first occurred (monkeys from Asia and South America have never been found to have SIVs that could cause in humans). In May 2006, the same group of researchers who first identified the Pan troglodytes' troglodytes' strain of SIVcpz, announced that they had narrowed down the location of this particular strain to wild chimpanzees found in the forests of Southern Cameroon.
It is firmly believed that probably entered the United States around 1970 .African doctors found a rise in opportunistic infections and wasting during the same year.At that time the Western scientists and doctors remained ignorant of the growing epidemic .In the year 1981,AIDS was detected in California and New York .The first cases were among gay men, then injecting drug users.
AIDS is reported among haemophiliacs and Haitians in the USA and also in several European countries in the year 1982.The name "AIDS" - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - is created. Community organisations in the UK and USA promote safer sex among gay men during the same year. AIDS is reported among non-drug using women and children in 1983.In the same year, experts become more confident that the cause of AIDS is infectious. Three thousand AIDS cases were reported in the USA; one thousand
died of the disease. Scientists identified (initially called HTLV-III or LAV) as the cause of AIDS in the subsequent year. Western scientists become aware that AIDS is widespread in parts of Africa .The world's first needle exchange programme is set up in Amsterdam, the Netherlands .
In the year 1985, test was licensed for screening blood supplies .In the same year,AIDS was found in China, and also in all regions of the world .More than 38,000 cases of AIDS were reported from 85 countries in 1986.Uganda began promoting sexual behaviour change in response to AIDS .AZT was the first drug approved in 1987 for treating AIDS .The UK and other countries wake up to the danger of AIDS and began to raise awareness of the deadly disease.
In 1988,the American government conducted a national AIDS education campaign.The Health ministers met to discuss AIDS and established a World AIDS Day on 1st December 1988.World AIDS Day is important in reminding people that has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done.It is estimated that there are around 8 million people living with worldwide. In the year 1992,Thailand launches Asia's most extensive prevention programme .In 1993 it was found that AZT is of no benefit to those in the early stages of infection. Nevertheless,AZT is shown to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of .Infant infections begin to fall in developed countries, due to use of AZT .
In 1995,the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) is established .In 1996,it was found that the Combination antiretroviral treatment to be highly effective against HIV.In developed countries, many people began taking the new treatment.The Annual global spending on AIDS in low- and middle-income countries was $300 million .
In 1997,AIDS deaths begin to decline in developed countries, due to the new drugs.Brazil was the first developing country to begin providing free combination treatment .In other developing countries, only a tiny minority could access treatment for HIV.Around 22 million people were living with worldwide, according to estimates made later.
In 2001,at a UN Special Session, world leaders set long-term targets on HIV/AIDS .In the subsequent year,the Global Fund is established to boost the response to AIDS, TB and malaria and Botswana began Africa's first national AIDS treatment programme.In the subsequent year,AIDS drugs became more affordable for developing countries.The "3 by 5" campaign was launched to widen access to AIDS treatment .The first AIDS vaccine candidate to undergo a major trial was found to be ineffective .
In 2004,America launched a major initiative called PEPFAR to combat AIDS worldwide .After much hesitancy, South Africa began to provide free antiretroviral treatment.In the same period,circumcision was shown to reduce infection among heterosexual men . There was already such clear evidence that circumcision reduces the risk of infection, that to continue the trials would be unethical. This news caused great excitement among some experts.28% of people in developing countries who need treatment for are receiving it Annual global spending on AIDS in low- and middle-income countries is $8.9 billion .It is estimated that $14.9 billion would be needed for a truly effective response .In the year 2007, Around 33 million people are living with HIV, according to revised estimates .During the same year another major vaccine trial was halted after preliminary results show no benefit .
It is likely that we will never know who the first person was to be infected with HIV, or exactly how it spread from that initial person. Scientists investigating the possibilities often become very attached to their individual 'pet' theories and insist that theirs is the only true answer, but the spread of AIDS could quite conceivably have been induced by a combination of many different events. Whether through injections, travel, wars, colonial practices or genetic engineering, the realities of the 20th Century have undoubtedly had a major role to play. Nevertheless, perhaps a more pressing concern for scientists today should not be how the AIDS epidemic originated, but how those it affects can be treated, how the further the spread of can be prevented and how the world can change to ensure a similar pandemic never occurs again.
Key words: Health, health info, HIV, Treatment, Cure, Test,AIDS,Cancer,Kidney Problems
Jestin is a UK health writer
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