HIV INFECTION - HIV AND HIV INFECTION

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HIV INFECTION- When HIV start to grow by destroying CD4 cells in body we can call that as HIV infection. The actual infection of HIV including many stages. 

STAGE 1-  This is the stage one of  HIV  infection- If lasts for a few weeks and is often accompanied by a short flu-like illness. Mostly these symptoms will be serious to see a physician but difficult to diagnose as HIV at this stage. In this stage seroconversion will be occurred- The response of body to virus to create antibodies to kill virus. But at this stage antibody tests will be negative. 

STAGE 2- This stage is Asymptomatic Stage in  HIV  infection- About 10 years with no  major symptoms, although there may be swollen glands. This time HIV in blood will be very less even if patient will be  infectious  and HIV Antibody tests will be positive. This time HIV will be more active in lymph nodes.

STAGE3- This is Symptomatic stage of HIV  infection.  By this time immune system will be seriously  damaged by HIV. Main reasons of this stage are- severe damage of lymph nodes and tissues, HIV mutates and becomes more pathogenic-and start to kill more CD4 cells, and body will be tired - fails to keep up with replacing the T helper cells that are lost.

In this stage of HIV infection patient will have to face severe diseases. opportunistic infections and cancers that the immune system would normally prevent. The symptomatic HIV infection is often characterized by multi-system disease.  Main opportunistic diseases in  HIV  infection are Kaposi's Sarcoma, Isosporiasis,etc. and also other sever virus diseases. 

STAGE4- Ultimate Progression from HIV to AIDS - As the immune system becomes more and more damaged the illnesses that occur become more and more severe leading eventually to an AIDS diagnosis. When CD4 count goes down below 200 then AIDS is assured. This  HIV  infection becomes AIDS and ensure the death of the patient in some days. 

In allopathic medicines there is no eventual cure for HIV. But more and more people are believing in the great propaganda by pharmaceuticals and governmental bodies. Stage 1 to 4 is like a saga. And in this saga life is only a shadow and  HIV  infection rules this stage.

--- MORE INFORMATION ON HIV  INFECTION. 

As you know the dreaded AIDS was first ever found in USA( 1981 ) and  now became a pandemic. .  Dreaded Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.  This is due to the damaging  CD4 helper T cell of  human immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers.  AIDS patients may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections usually never occur in healthy people. .So far  980,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States so far and1,000,000 Americans may be infected with HIV, 25% of  them unaware of their infection.  HIV kills most of African-American males. Hispanics and whites have lesser share. 

THE HIV TRANSMISSION

Spreading of  HIV through unprotected sex with an existing HIV infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth. These are important routes for HIV  infection. 

HIV can infect anyone who does following- 

• By Sharing drug needles or syringes
• By Having sexual contact, including oral sexual contact, with an infected person without using a condom and other protective measures. 

The HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced, HIV was transmitted through transfusions of contaminated blood or blood components.  This is an important way for HIV  infection

Another way is- HIV is often spread among injection drug users when they share needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities of blood from someone infected with the virus.

Another reason is-  Women can transmit HIV to their babies during pregnancy or birth. Also can be through breast milk.  If healthcare providers treat HIV-infected pregnant women and deliver their babies by cesarean section, the chances of the baby being infected can be reduced to a rate of 1 percent. HIV infection of newborns has been almost eradicated in the United States because of appropriate treatment. HIV  infection is quite possible to be cut down by these way.  

There are other reasons as well. -  HIV can be in the saliva of infected people, there is no evidence that the virus is spread by contact with saliva. Even is saliva can stop HIV from spreading better avoid deep kiss.

Scientists have found no evidence that HIV is spread through sweat, tears, urine, shit etc 

Studies of families of HIV-infected people have shown clearly that HIV is not spread through casual contact such as the sharing of food utensils, towels and bedding, swimming pools, telephones, or toilet seats. HIV  infection is impossible through these ways. 

HIV is not spread by biting insects such as mosquitoes or bedbugs.- But still fear is there. 

Early symptoms of HIV  infection- Are following 

• Fever and related problems
• Headache and throat infection 
• Tiredness and joylessness 
• Enlarged lymph nodes  

These symptoms usually disappear within a week to a month and are often mistaken for those of another viral infection. During this period, people are very infectious, and HIV is present in large quantities in genital fluids.

Secondary HIV  infection symptoms

For some years 2 to 10 years HIV will not show symptoms in body-  This period of asymptomatic infection varies greatly in each person. But in some people may begin to have symptoms within a few months, while others may be symptom-free for more than 10 years. HIV  infection is a mistory 

Even during the asymptomatic period, the virus is actively multiplying, infecting, and killing cells of the immune system. The virus can also hide within infected cells and be inactive. The most obvious effect of HIV infection is a decline in the number of CD4 positive T (CD4+) cells found in the blood-the immune system's key infection fighters. The virus slowly disables or destroys these cells without causing symptoms.

As the immune system becomes more debilitated, a variety of complications start to take over. For many people, the first signs of infection are large lymph nodes, or swollen glands that may be enlarged for more than 3 months. Other symptoms often experienced months to years before the onset of AIDS include

• Lack of energy
• Weight loss
• Frequent fevers and sweats
• Persistent or frequent yeast infections (oral or vaginal)
• Persistent skin rashes or flaky skin
• Pelvic inflammatory disease in women that does not respond to treatment
• Short-term memory loss

Some people develop frequent and severe herpes infections that cause mouth, genital, or anal sores, or a painful nerve disease called shingles. Children may grow slowly or get sick a frequently. HIV  infection has incredible way to spread through its own way. 

THE AIDS AND SYMPTOMS- 

Symptoms of opportunistic infections common in people with AIDS include

• Coughing and shortness of breath
• Seizures and lack of coordination
• Difficult or painful swallowing
• Mental symptoms such as confusion and forgetfulness
• Severe and persistent diarrhea
• Fever
• Vision loss
• Nausea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting
• Weight loss and extreme fatigue
• Severe headaches
• Coma

Children with AIDS may get the same opportunistic infections as do adults with the disease. In addition, they also may have severe forms of the typically common childhood bacterial infections, such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), ear infections, and tonsillitis. HIV  infection is making AIDS in people then. 

People with AIDS are also particularly prone to developing various cancers, especially those caused by viruses such as Kaposi's sarcoma and cervical cancer, or cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. These cancers are usually more aggressive and difficult to treat in people with AIDS. Signs of Kaposi's sarcoma in light-skinned people are round brown, reddish, or purple spots that develop in the skin or in the mouth. In dark-skinned people, the spots are more pigmented. HIV  infection is making life miserable for millions. 

During the course of HIV infection, most people experience a gradual decline in the number of CD4+ T cells, although some may have abrupt and dramatic drops in their CD4+ T-cell counts. A person with CD4+ T cells above 200 may experience some of the early symptoms of HIV disease. Others may have no symptoms even though their CD4+ T-cell count is below 200.

Many people are so debilitated by the symptoms of AIDS that they cannot hold a steady job or do household chores. Other people with AIDS may experience phases of intense life-threatening illness followed by phases in which they function normally.

A small number of people first infected with HIV 10 or more years ago have not developed symptoms of AIDS. Scientists are trying to determine what factors may account for the lack of progression to AIDS in some people, such as

• Whether their immune systems have particular characteristics
• Whether they were infected with a less aggressive strain of the virus
• If their genes may protect them from the effects of HIV

Scientists hope that understanding the body's natural method of controlling infection may lead to ideas for protective HIV vaccines and use of vaccines to prevent the disease from progressing.

To know HOW To treat HIV  infection ( HIV /AIDS) is in the HIV Treatment Page-

DIAGNOSIS

Because early HIV infection often causes no symptoms, a healthcare provider usually can diagnose it by testing blood for the presence of antibodies (disease-fighting proteins) to HIV. HIV antibodies generally do not reach noticeable levels in the blood for 1 to 3 months after infection. It may take the antibodies as long as 6 months to be produced in quantities large enough to show up in standard blood tests. Hence, to determine whether a person has been recently infected -HIV  infection - (acute HIV  infection), a healthcare provider can screen blood for the presence of HIV genetic material. Direct screening of HIV is extremely critical in order to prevent transmission of HIV from recently infected individuals.

Anyone who has been exposed to the virus should get an HIV test (to fine HIV  infection) as soon as the immune system is likely to develop antibodies to the virus-within 6 weeks to 12 months after possible exposure to the virus. By getting tested early, a healthcare provider can give advice to an infected person about when to start treatment to help the immune system combat HIV and help prevent the emergence of certain opportunistic infections (see section on treatment). Early testing also alerts an infect person to avoid high-risk behaviors that could spread the virus to others.

Most healthcare providers can do HIV testing ( to find HIV  infection ) and will usually offer counseling at the same time. Of course, testing can be done anonymously at many sites if a person is concerned about confidentiality.

Healthcare providers diagnose HIV infection by using two different types of antibody tests: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Western blot. If a person is highly likely to be infected with HIV but has tested negative for both tests, a healthcare provider may request additional tests. A person also may be told to repeat antibody testing at a later date, when antibodies to HIV are more likely to have developed.

P24 Antigen test also very good to show the virus while antibodies are not formed in the body. You can always rely on them. It will test the existence of Protein 24 in blood to know whether HIV is the body or not. Protein 24 or P24 Antigen is the protein used to make HIV particles. HIV  infection is quite possible to be found through P24 Antigen test. 

Babies born to mothers infected with HIV may or may not be infected with the virus, but all carry their mothers' antibodies to HIV for several months. If these babies lack symptoms, healthcare providers cannot make a definitive diagnosis of HIV infection using standard antibody tests. Instead, they are using new technologies to detect HIV and more accurately determine HIV infection in infants between ages 3 months and 15 months. Researchers are evaluating a number of blood tests to determine which ones are best for diagnosing HIV infection in babies younger than 3 months.

PREVENTION

Because there is no vaccine for HIV, the only way people can prevent infection with the virus is to avoid behaviors putting them at risk of infection, such as sharing needles and having unprotected sex.

Many people infected with HIV have no symptoms. Therefore, there is no way of knowing with certainty whether a sexual partner is infected unless he or she has repeatedly tested negative for the virus and has not engaged in any risky behavior. Abstaining from having sex or use male latex condoms or female polyurethane condoms may offer partial protection, during oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Only water-based lubricants should be used with male latex condoms.

Although some laboratory evidence shows that spermicides can kill HIV, researchers have not found that these products can prevent a person from getting HIV. HIV  infection is still a history to be stopped that easy. 

RESEARCH

HIV  infection is a dangerous disease and must be stopped- Researchers also are investigating exactly how HIV damages the immune system. This research is identifying new and more effective targets for drugs and vaccines. 

Scientists are investigating and testing chemical barriers, such as topical microbicides, that people can use in the vagina or in the rectum during sex to prevent HIV  infection by stopping HIV transmission. They also are looking at other ways to prevent transmission, such as controlling STIs, modifying personal behavior, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), as well as ways to prevent transmission from mother to child. If we can prevent that subsequent HIV  infection is also will be stopped. 

( COURTESY -www.nih.gov/)

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